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TIME: Almanac of the 20th Century
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TIME, Almanac of the 20th Century.ISO
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1990
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90
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oct_dec
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1108990.000
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<text>
<title>
(Nov. 08, 1990) Fitness:Work That Body!
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1990
Nov. 08, 1990 Special Issue - Women:The Road Ahead
</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
SELF & SOCIETY, Page 68
FITNESS
Work That Body!
</hdr>
<body>
<p>Fewer curves, more muscles: a sweat-soaked revolution redefines
the shape of beauty
</p>
<p>By Sally B. Donnelly--With reporting by Janice M.
Horowitz/New York and Elaine Lafferty/Los Angeles
</p>
<p> I am strong. I am invincible. I am woman.
</p>
<p>-- I Am Woman
</p>
<p> When Helen Reddy belted out her 1972 hit, she had no idea
it would pump up women. Not only did the song become the
unofficial anthem of the feminist movement, but women and girls
seemed to take the words literally and headed off to the gym.
In the two decades since, female attitudes toward fitness and
athletics have undergone a vigorous shake-up. Across the
country, women are working out, running hard, even pumping iron.
And they are doing it not just to look attractive but also to
gain strength and a sense of self-sufficiency. They have
discovered the secret pleasures long enjoyed by athletic men:
the heady, sweaty, solitary joy of hard physical exercise and
the rosy, relaxed afterglow that follows it. "Sports and
exercise make you feel better," says Gail Weldon, who runs the
Women's Traac Health Club in Los Angeles. "Women want to be more
in control of their bodies."
</p>
<p> All the sweating and grunting has redefined the cultural
parameters of female attractiveness--away from soft curves
toward a more athletic body. For proof, just compare pop icon
Madonna to her prototype, Marilyn Monroe. On her Blond Ambition
tour, Madonna flashed chiseled biceps and deltoids, so
impressing one Los Angeles critic that he wrote that instead of
the customary audience call for "Author! Author!" the cry from
Madonna's fans should be "Fitness trainer! Fitness trainer!"
Tennis ace Martina Navratilova also notes the changing
standards. When the Czechoslovak-born athlete defected to the
U.S. in 1975, she was so embarrassed by her powerful build that
she favored baggy, concealing clothes. "I was always covering
up my arms because I have these big veins," she recalls, "and
I didn't want anyone to see my shoulders." Now that muscles are
in, Navratilova doesn't hesitate to appear in a tank top. "I
don't seem as big anymore because other women are bigger!"
</p>
<p> The sweat-soaked revolution is borne out by statistics: more
than 62% of women over age 18 exercise regularly. According to
a 1990 survey by the Melpomone Institute in St. Paul, which
studies females and exercise, women also make up more than half
the participants in the eight most popular sports in the U.S.,
including 95% of the 15 million people who do aerobics.
</p>
<p> Baby boomers led the change. Growing up with the feminist
movement, they wanted not only to work alongside men on the
trading-room floor but also to play alongside them on the gym
floor. "I started working out to get stronger," explains Sidney
Perry, 39, a Portland, Ore., wardrobe stylist. "I wanted to be
my own person." Other previously nonathletic women were swept
up by the more general fitness movement. "I used to think there
were two classes of people: athletes and the rest of us," says
Nancy Crichlow, 29, a sales assistant in Houston who now works
out regularly. Improved health is another motivator; regular
exercise helps prevent osteoporosis and other age-related
ailments.
</p>
<p> Though it came too late for most boomers, the U.S.
government gave a boost to women's athletics with the 1972 Title
IX Amendment, which prohibited sex discrimination in federally
funded educational institutions. The act helped encourage girls
to go into sports by providing college scholarships and spurring
the organization of girls' athletic teams. Since 1975, the
number of girls' track-and-field competitors has grown sixfold.
By 1989 there were 130,000 women competing in collegiate sports
throughout the U.S., in contrast to 32,000 in 1972.
</p>
<p> Encouraging as that sounds, there are some troubling gaps
in the fitness boom. Exercise continues to be primarily a
concern of the well off and well educated. A federal study this
past summer reported that only 7% of low-income Americans
exercise regularly. Nor have the workouts trimmed the obesity
rate: 1 in 4 U.S. women age 35 to 64 is obese. And as much as
the ideal body image has changed, there is still a lingering
fear that women will begin to look like Arnold Schwarzenegger.
Sports columnist Ira Berkow, for instance, wrote approvingly in
the New York Times that tennis star Jennifer Capriati is
"ladylike" and "nicely toned without looking muscular."
</p>
<p> Such antiquated ideas are going the way of the
vibrating-band contraption our mothers once used to battle the
bulge. Women are working those bodies as never before, and not
so much to impress a man as to impress the person flexing in the
mirror. "Working out is a way of life for me," says Lorri
Sparks, 37, athletic director of New York City's Downtown
Athletic Club. "Sometimes I'd rather work out with a man than
even have sex." Not everyone adopts that hard-core approach, but
many are sympathetic: they are women; they are getting strong;
and they feel damn near invincible.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>